Vedant K. Naik's Blog

 Introduction: In the last decade, the oceanic realm has captured the imaginations of engineers and scientists alike. As we delve deeper into the 21st century, the exploration and monitoring of underwater ecosystems have become a critical facet of scientific research and industry. With technological advances, underwater robotic systems are gradually making the once unattainable ocean depths accessible. This blog post aims to explore the latest advancements in aquatic robotic systems, focusing mainly on embedded control systems and advanced sensing techniques.  Sensing Techniques: The Eyes and Ears of Underwater Robotics In the dark, high-pressure environments of the ocean, conventional sensing methods often fall short. Advanced sensing techniques that can navigate these harsh conditions are indispensable for any underwater robotic system. 1. Sonar Technology : Sonar systems use sound propagation to navigate, communicate, or detect other submerged objects. Advanced sonar system...

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are not just a trend; they are a significant step towards a sustainable future. With a sharp rise in awareness about environmental issues, the shift from internal combustion engines to electric motors has become inevitable. Among the various electric motor technologies, Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) are the key drivers in the field of EVs. Here’s why: Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) in EVs BLDC motors are highly efficient and offer a good torque-to-weight ratio, making them increasingly popular in EVs. 1. Construction & Working:    - Stator : Wound with three-phase windings, it creates a rotating magnetic field.    - Rotor : Contains permanent magnets and rotates in response to the magnetic field generated by the stator.    - Electronic Controller : Controls the current and voltage supplied to the stator. 2. Advantages:    - Efficiency : BLDC motors are about 90% efficient, transla...

In an age where technology is advancing unprecedentedly, law and justice must keep up. As artificial intelligence (AI) increases its foothold in numerous sectors, its potential misuse, particularly in generating false evidence, becomes a substantial concern. The Indian legal system, based on principles enshrined in the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, faces challenges in navigating this new terrain. However, an unexpected ally appears in the form of blockchain technology. This blog explores the AI threat to evidence integrity, blockchain's potential as a solution, and the need for legal and technological evolution from a techno-legal perspective. The AI Threat in a Legal Context AI has brought significant advancements in data manipulation and synthesis, resulting in phenomenons like deepfakes—hyper-realistic, AI-generated video, audio, or image forgeries. Such false evidence, if presented in a court of law, can disrupt the legal process and lead to unjust outcomes, undermining the Indi...

Albert Einstein. When you hear this name, what comes to mind? For many, it's the image of a wild-haired genius, often associated with the mysterious world of theoretical physics. Perhaps one of his most famous contributions is the Special Theory of Relativity. While it may seem like an abstract concept at first, this fundamental theory provides the framework that underpins our current understanding of the physical world.  So, buckle up and put on your thinking caps as we dive into the world of relativity, spacetime, and speeds approaching that of light—all in a simple, beginner-friendly manner. 1. The Spark that Lit the Fuse: The Two Postulates Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity is grounded on two simple ideas or postulates: 1. The Principle of Relativity : The laws of physics are the same for all observers in all inertial (non-accelerating) reference frames. No perspective is superior to another, and the laws of physics apply equally, whether you're standing still or ...

Hello, tech newbies! Are you ready to explore the exciting world of electrical power transmission? In this beginner-friendly guide, we'll dive into a cutting-edge development in the field – High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission – and compare it to the traditional Alternating Current (AC) systems we've been using for decades. Let's get started! What is HVDC? High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) is a technology used for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances with reduced power losses. In an HVDC system, electrical power is converted from AC to DC (direct current) at the transmission end, then transmitted as DC power, and finally converted back to AC at the receiving end. This method allows for more efficient power transmission, especially over long distances. Why HVDC? Comparing to AC You may wonder why we need HVDC when we already have AC transmission systems in place. Here are some key advantages of HVDC over traditional AC systems: Lower powe...

  Introduction The rapid development of technology has led to groundbreaking advancements in the scientific community. One field that has gained significant momentum in recent years is quantum computing. Quantum computers, unlike classical computers, operate on the principles of quantum mechanics, which govern the behavior of matter and energy at extremely small scales. In this blog post, we will explore the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing technology and discuss their potential impact on various industries. Quantum Supremacy: Google's Sycamore Processor In October 2019, Google announced a milestone in quantum computing by achieving "quantum supremacy." Using its 54-qubit Sycamore processor, Google's quantum computer solved a complex problem in just 200 seconds—a task that would have taken the world's most powerful supercomputer approximately 10,000 years to complete. This achievement is a testament to the immense processing power of quantum computers and...

 The universe is full of mysteries that scientists are constantly trying to unravel. One of the biggest mysteries is the concept of dark matter. This elusive substance is believed to make up a large portion of the universe, but we know very little about it. In this blog post, we'll explore what dark matter is, why it's important, and the methods that scientists are using to study it. What is Dark Matter? Dark matter is a type of matter that doesn't emit, absorb, or reflect any form of electromagnetic radiation, which makes it invisible to telescopes and other instruments that detect light. This means that we can't see it, but we can infer its presence based on its gravitational effects on visible matter. Why is Dark Matter Important? Dark matter is believed to make up around 85% of the matter in the universe, but we don't yet understand what it is made of. Understanding dark matter is important because it affects the structure and evolution of the universe. For exam...

 Light is very confusing as it behaves as both wave and particle. When the light is propagating it behaves like a wave but while interacting with objects it behaves in a quantized way/like particle(photon). Experiments like photoelectric effect prove particle nature of light whereas YDSE proves wave nature of light. This debate was finally lightened by De Broglie explaining the dual nature of light.

 Scientists and researchers worldwide are working extensively on resolving various questions about the quantum world. And finally, after tireless efforts in late November 2022, the quantum computers at google achieved this milestone. I won't discuss the fascinating scientific aspects this time. Still, I will highlight the importance of private companies and tech giants like Google and Microsoft spending billions of dollars on research that is helpful for their product development and scientific studies. The following links are really good resources for understanding this achievement: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRBygsNCYr0

JWST has grabbed our attention ever since its launch on December 2021.  And astonishingly, we have started receiving data by July. As a test, JWST was focused on a distant exoplanet wasp-39b revolving around a relatively stable star wasp-39 (near the Virgo constellation). The plan was to use a 4-different set of instruments to evaluate the atmosphere of wasp-39b by spectroscopic methods. But during the data evaluation, researchers noticed unusual spikes in data and found SO2(Sulphur Dioxide), which was not understood by standard prediction models. This mystery was finally resolved by appreciating the presence of some photochemical reaction in its atmosphere. By this potential of JWST, we could soon find some planet like earth having complex photochemical reactions in the atmosphere (like our planet). For detailed information regarding this: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb-reveals-an-exoplanet-atmosphere-as-never-seen-before https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-11-23...

 The notion of gravity is the simplest and most intuitive phenomenon understood by humans, but gravity is one of the most complex phenomena we observe. I am sure everyone has heard the famous story of Newton sitting under an apple tree.  The discoveries made by newton were groundbreaking and have somewhat shaped the mechanical physics we use in most of the macroscopic objects around us. But the idea of space-time fabric and gravitational waves, as proposed by Einstein's general theory of relativity, is surely counter-intuitive(at least for me!).  I would here take the  opportunity to share a wonderful article that helped me understand gravity:  https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/space/gravity-making-waves/newton-einstein-gravity#:~:text=He%20theorized%20that%20a%20mass,calling%20the%20result%20space%2Dtime.

EPR Paradox was essentially a thought experiment counterintuitive during that time. It argued that the reality around us described by quantum mechanics is incomplete. The idea of spooky action at a distance is a part of this paradox. According to it, if two particles are formed at the same time, they are in a quantum-entangled state, which means that if we measure the spin of one of the entangled particles, then we can accurately predict the spin of the other entangled particle (placed even light years away!!) as it's spin is just opposite to the first particle this is popularly referred as spooky action at a distance.   But this mysterious communication channel was always a topic of debate as it challenged Einstein's relativity, as the speed of communication is greater than the speed of light. The Nobel prize in physics for 2022 dives into the spooky action and attempts to explain most of it. I will attach links at the end to resources related to this year's Nobel prize in...

 At first instance the title would seem to be crazy and lame, but actually the physics involved in both are largely the same. The high speed internet and shine of diamonds both are due to TIR(Total Internal Reflection). This phenomenon is one of the most versatile phenomenon exploited by humans to develop high speed communication devices. The discovery of TIR is kinda controversial but largely attributed to Johannes Kepler(1611). Let me try to explain TIR in most simple and objective manner:  Consider a light ray propagating in medium having refractive index n1 and entering a phase having refractive index n2 . As we know when n2>n1 , the light is entering in a denser medium from a rarer, so by Huygens wavefront theory or snells law we can predict it would bend slightly towards normal. But when the light is in n2 and going to n1 it would bend away from normal. Now when we carefully analyze this situation we conclude that at some point of incidence the light ray would bend ...

In the most simplest words eigen values are set of scalars associated with an eigen vector of a matrix. But this definition might not give any sense so lets elaborate. So if we have a vector field and we apply a linear transformation to it then we notice there are few vectors, which remain pointing in same direction and they might be just scaled. So these vectors which don't change their direction are called eigen vectors and the factor by which they are scaled corresponds to their respective eigen value.  The intuition and application of eigen vectors and eigen values are very important to scientists and engineers as it has several important applications besides an important mathematical tool to understand geometric transformation, its application in quantum mechanics is also significant. It's a very important tool for understanding fluids, and surprisingly it is also interestingly used in modern image processing software. Eigen values are apparently very simple to understand ...

 So piezoelectric plates are very versatile piece of tech. They are basically special crystals made of atoms having considerable difference in electronegativities like most basic quartz crystal, which is silicon dioxide crystal, in which the oxygen atoms are more electronegative then silicon thus making dipoles but the net arrangement of system in hexagonal shape the two charge centers coincide making net dipole effect to be zero thus when there is no strain in crystal viz no deformation the net charge effect of all dipoles cancels each other. But when we apply an external force in a particular direction which disturbs this coinciding neutrality and generates dipoles in similar direction forming a potential difference between its two faces. These small dipoles can be thought of as small cells connected together in crystal forming a piezo electric plate.  There are wide areas of application of this tech including the quartz watch on your wrist to the microphone in your laptop. ...

  Cosmic Rays ( named by Millikan) are highly energetic charged particles ( largely positively charged) possibly originating from space and colliding with nuclei of gases in atmosphere giving a series of elementary particles (cosmic ray shower). These cosmic showers are also largely responsible for computer malfunctioning in space-tech, as these energetic particles generally induce a bit flip when collided with the mosfets thus accidentally changing information stored on system. The motivation to find these radiation started when scientists observed that how charge leaked from a well isolated electroscope, which wasn’t irradiated with any sort of radiation. At that time it was believed that this might be due to radiation originating from minerals of the earth’s crust. In 1911 Hess tried to validate this reasoning by conducting similar experiments at heights well above crust where the mineral radiation wouldn’t have any significance. But to his surprise the radiation intensity grew ...

 Primarily we defined kg by a platinum iridium cylinder as a primary standard which was used to define a kilogram, but strangely we noticed a considerable deviation(about 50 microgram) among the standard cylinders. Due to this we were motivated to redefine a kg into something more fundamental, which is more absolute and can be expressed by some natural phenomena like time was defined by speed of light in vacuum.  So the efforts of redefining a kg was realized by the kibble balance(watt balance), which was used to calculate plank's constant and subsequently used to define a kg, this approach was more related to physics and the other approach which was also complementing this was the Avogadro project which was essentially a chemistry related approach using a pure Silicon-28 crystal, which was polished so well into 'the worlds roundest object' a sphere.  {Later the scraps of this pure Si-28 crystal were used to make quantum bits(Q-bits)}      For more insights...

 The propagation  of electromagnetic wave(light) was primarily was thought to be in a medium called luminoferous ather. Michelson Morley's revolutionary experimental setup disproved the theory of ether and interestingly showed the speed of light is independent of frame of reference, which was explained later by Einstein's theory of relativity and frame independent speed of light. The experiment was first performed with intension to prove ether by projecting light beams in opposite direction in  moving frame of reference and obtaining the fringes due to both the beams, but the apparent shifting of fringes , which should be obtained by rotating the setup was not observed.  

  The Born's probability hypothesis was a big milestone in the development of quantum physics. It tried to interpret the wave function developed by Erwin Schrodinger(the Schrodinger's equation is the key principle used in modern quantum mechanics which governs quantum function), which was first thought has probability of charge distributed in the given region, but this was not satisfactory to the quantum picture developed by photelectric effect. So, Born's probability hypothesis stated that the region defined by the wave function might represent probability (density) of finding electron. Which with De Broglie's hypothesis and wave picture was also in sync with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.    Bur this interpretation was not very welcomed by the father of modern physics Albert Einstein. As he thought the universe is absolute and don't work on probability. The real beauty of quantum world is that no Newtonian law could be directly applied to the subatomic pa...

 So, to begin with we can understand that all elements are a gift of fusion of fundamental sub atomic particles under high energy and pressure. Like sun combines protons and forms hydrogen isotopes and helium isotopes. Some other massive stars produces heavier elements like beryllium ,boron ,carbon ,etc. This combination is based on the simple theory of binding energy and mass defect. When an atom is combined the net mass of the atom is slightly less than the mass of individual corresponding particles in native state.     Thus this change in mass is known as mass defect, which according to Einstein's mass energy equivalence can be used to calculate the energy(Binding energy of nucleus).  Now lets get back to the topic and understand why the formation of higher elements after a certain level intrigues me. The binding energy curve has a peak at z(nucleons=protons + neutrons)=56 (Fe: nuclei). But we see so many elements occurring naturally and the last stable nuclei is ...

 While analyzing the energy consumption of different industries I found out that most of the energy is consumed in separating substances. So, I thought of developing a technique to separate air to get oxygen. While my research about that matter I found several properties of considerable interest among the properties of different air constituents.  Air majorly constituents di-nitrogen and di-oxygen. And the property of considerable interest is  its magnetic susceptibility like di-nitrogen is diamagnetic and contrarily di-oxygen is paramagnetic due to the presence of 2 unpaired antibonding electrons. Thus we can some how use this property by employing magnetic separation, which could separate both the constituents. The major challenge is the effectiveness of this magnetic separation and the efficiency of the overall system.  This is actually very theoretical and needs major R&D for any commercial importance. But we never know this can be the future. :) You may also...

 Star are a very important component of our universe. To start with we assume there is a stellar nebula (a big gas cloud) and due to gravity of this cloud it collapses into a star there are generally two types of star viz. average star and massive star. Due to this high compression of the gas molecules there is nuclear  fission chain reaction which will slowly combine and release massive amount of nuclear energy. Generally a small star can produce helium nuclei and a very big star can produce the last stable nuclei(Z=26,Iron Nuclei ) according to binding energy graph. But during this process there are several steps. The next stage starts after the completion of preliminary hydrogen fuel in the formation of light helium nuclei and other products, once the fuel is completed the energy releasing suddenly stops and the red giant is formed but now depending on the mass of star it will have two options one(formation of planetary nebulae and finally white dwarf ->lighter stars) an...

 Werner Heisenberg proposed that it is not practically possible to predict the position of particle and its speed simultaneously with high precession. This principle is applicable to almost every particle but only of any significance for fast moving particles. The uncertainty of the product of position and momentum is represented by an inequality. This principle is now widely accepted in quantum mechanics. The mathematical derivations and wave model are very complex and requires higher understanding of physics and mathematics. But roughly we can assume that we are trying to calculate the momentum and position of some particle in quantum space. Assume we sent a photon(light to observe it), the photon which we sent would have energy(significant amount of energy: for quantum particle to be observed), this photon will give us its position but in turn the energy supplied to that particle will change it's momentum(Speed as p=mv: KE=1/2mv^2) thus additional energy would increase the ...

 You all might have heard about mosfets, transistors or LEDs. These all are an extensive application of semiconducting substances. Widely semiconductors can be classified into two parts intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. To understand the basis of classification between semiconductors, conductors and insulators , we must get a rough idea about the band theory. According to band theory there are majorly two bands i.e. valence band and conduction band , both separated by forbidden energy gap. You can assume valence band as valence orbit of any element and conduction band encircling it for electricity conduction. The classification is majorly based on the extent of Forbidden energy gap.  For simplicity you can assume forbidden energy gap as a transitional band in which electrons are momentarily present or electrons are forbidden to stay there. So at noticeable time interval electrons are either in conduction band or valence band.  And the conduction property of any elem...

 At first instance the thought of light canceling light might sound obsolete, but for Thomas Young it wasn't the case.  Young believed in the wave nature of light so he tried to find evidence for the same and he used diffraction the property of waves to do so. His experiment was very simple to perform and understand but very crucial to determine nature of light. Thomas young used a very simple technique to lock the phase of two light waves. For this he took a sodium lamp and in front of it placed an opaque screen with two slits at a very small distance. So that the two slits behave as two different sources having same phase thus locking the phase. The two slits will now emanate wavelets(as per Huygens principle). Now he observed that now on a screen in front of two slits there were dark and bright bands(fringes). This was the first time the concept of light canceling light was first observed.    Actually if we try to understand the deeper meaning of this fringes...

So, for many of you ether would be easily confused by organic group of ether compounds but here I am not discussing about it! While understanding wave optics the term ether(luminiferous ather) was developed/used by Huygens to explain his theory of waves. Although after the special theory of relativity (1905) this concept was obsolete. But according to me there is something sort of ather, but this ather is not just for light waves but for everything/energy! As there must be some sort of an absolute medium, which is an inseparable part of universe which is made up of extremely differentiated and unorganized particles like DE(Differentiated Electron: refer to my hypothesis). According to me its an energos ather(energy ather).  By this theory we can also define various different things. Like,  energos ather when super cooled would form matter !  Also when we study universe we assume its boundaries to be infinite, but that might not be the case as when we try to detect or see ...

 When we first understood about fuels we always heard about ignition temperature or something sort of activation energy, which helps us to release energy from it. But is the fact true for all kind of  fuels,,, we have heard about nuclear fission and we extensively use it for powering various things...but when we talk about nuclear fusion we are told it is a developing concept and for this we need huge amount of energy and temperature to start reaction.. But according to me the better way to generate nuclear energy is by lowering the energy levels so low that it will compress the atoms extensively leading to extremely strong inter nuclear repulsion which would suddenly push the atoms back apart to re instate equilibrium. This sudden release of energy would be discharged just before the complete nuclear fusion and from this we can generate alternate energy bands of  {high energy- low energy-high energy - low energy..}  So if I am theoretically correct we could harness ...

  Hello Folks, Today I am going to share my personal views on magnetism and electricity.  According to me there is very weak or unclear kind of relationship established between electricity and magnetism till now. The current understanding states that there are two independent forces but dependent on each other this might seem foggy, but let me throw some light on this according to current theories," Magnetism is a force applied only on moving charge particles."        There is also a common relationship between these both and speed of light. Which provokes are thinking about a single prime fundamental force, which derives all other forces we understand. And these prime force is somehow related to light. But till date there is no strong theory on it.   

Please find the link below:  https://www.ijser.org/onlineResearchPaperViewer.aspx?DUAL-NATURE-OF-ENERGY-AND-UNIQUE-GRADIENT-COMPOSITION-OF-MASS-AND-ENERGY.pdf

 This is most easy question , but sometimes most misunderstood topic by some.  MYTH: Battery is a source of  electric charge, which does our work and gets consumed. TRUTH: Battery is a device , which produces/provides potential difference by harnessing/consuming chemical energy(generally). In turn this potential difference moves electrons/mobile-charge-carriers in closed circuit/loop , which finally accomplishes work. 

According to me light/photons has (in general) no mass as it doesn't become infinitely heavy as photons travels with speed of light, which could result in infinite moving mass, but that's not the case. But contrary to this we are also aware of the fact that light/photons are affected by gravitational waves.  So we could think about a kind of fine balance between two forms of energy. Like according to Einstein every particle, which has mass will have some energy by the virtue of its mass.  So I think if a light is moving it won't manifest any mass as it tries to completely dissociated in form of energy. But as soon as the light travels infinitely long distances some part of light/photon particles gets collapsed one inside the other , which in turn would convert massless energy into some sort of negligible mass and this mass would inurn would be attracted by gravitational force leading to slight deviation in trajectory of light. This fine moment of light which is formed by a ...

  Pulsars are objects that are about the size of a large city but contain more mass than the sun(nearest star to earth). Scientists are using pulsars to study extreme states of matter, search for planets beyond Earth's solar system and measure cosmic distances. Pulsars also could help scientists find gravitational waves, which could point the way to energetic cosmic events like collisions between supermassive black holes. Pulsars were discovered in 1967, pulsars are actually very fascinating members of the cosmic world. I personally call pulsars as mad dancing stars of space ! Pulsars radiate two steady, narrow beams of light in mutually opposite directions. Although the light from the beam is steady, pulsars appear to flicker because they also spin.  It's the same reason a lighthouse appears to blink when seen by a sailor on the ocean: As the pulsar rotates, the beam of light may sweep across the Earth, then swing out of view, then swing back around again. ' To an astronom...

  Smoke is a primary sign of incomplete combustion. The composition of smoke might be different for different burning substances it can be ashes, soot particles ,oil ,carbon monoxide , etc. This means smoke is only produced when there is lack of supply of oxygen or other necessary conditions for burning. So here comes are main topic: What actually makes up the color of smoke? What does the color symbolizes? So we can predict few things about the burning substance/fuel  just by observing its base color. If smoke is white in color it means that the burning substance is releasing water vapor, means fire has just started to consume material. We can also infer that the fuel might be light and flashy fuel like grass/twigs/dried leaves. If smoke is black in color it means heavy fuels are doing incomplete combustion, which results into dark smoke. This kind of smoke also signifies a man made  compound  is burning such as  tires  and wire coating. We can also infer ...

    Current Reasons/Theories related to Magnetic Field: The simple reason is that earth's core is composed of  liquid conductors (molten metal...at very high temperature) due to hot metal core there is a ocean of free ionized electrons and movement of these electrons resulted in circular current flowing inside core such that magnetic field emerges from downward direction(Southward direction) and  enters back from upward (North Direction) so we can say that the current is moving clock wise when observed from top.                                                                                  From above paragraph we know that current is flowing in clockwise direction , that means electrons would be moving in counter clockwise direction. This could be explained b...

Time and Speed  So first things first.. Speed = distance / time So the above written relation/ equation is the basic definition of  speed. So if we slightly modify this for our understanding and try to hypothetically define time with help of it... Time = distance / speed So if we assume: speed to be maximum or tending to infinity then according to our modified relation, time will tend to very very small value tending to zero. And according Albert Einstein the maximum speed achieved by any body in this universe would be c: speed of light. Keeping in mind maximum speed of any object and relation of time with speed and distance travelled, we can conclude that an object moving with speed of light will definitely have dependence on time tending to zero or zero itself !! True Phenomenon of Time Dilation behind this concept. Actually the above explanation is not quantitatively correct, but can give some sort of partial explanation. The above phenomenon, which I tried to explained is ...